Johns Hopkins Researchers Develop Blood Test That Detects Cancer Years before Symptoms Occur
Promising results showcase benefits of MCED lab tests and provide hope for continued advancements
In impressive new research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine has developed a clinical laboratory blood test that detects the presence of cancer years before symptoms present, aiding physicians with early diagnosis and treatment.
The identification of cancer cells comes via bloodstream analysis showing genetic materials shed by tumors and showcases the promise of multicancer early detection screening (MCED) to spot all types of cancer in early stages.
“Three years earlier provides time for intervention. The tumors are likely to be much less advanced and more likely to be curable,” Yuxuan Wang, MD, PhD, lead researcher and assistant professor of oncology at Johns Hopkins, told SciTechDaily.
Kimmel Cancer Center, Ludwig Center, the Bloomberg School of Public Health also participated in the study with the support of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
The researchers published their findings in the journal Cancer Discovery titled, “Detection of Cancers Three Years prior to Diagnosis Using Plasma Cell-Free DNA.”
Senior study author Nickolas Papadopoulos, PhD, professor of oncology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and senior author of the study, notes that an appropriate course of clinical care will be required following any positive result from the new cancer diagnostic blood test. (Photo copyright: Johns Hopkins.)
Johns Hopkins Study Details
To complete their research, the scientists studied plasma samples that came from the NIH study on Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC), which was created to examine cardiovascular disease risk factors in heart failure, strokes, and heart attacks, SciTechDaily reported.
The researchers analyzed the samples using “highly accurate and sensitive sequencing techniques to analyze blood samples from 26 participants in the ARIC study who were diagnosed with cancer within six months after sample collection, and 26 from similar participants who were not diagnosed with cancer, ” SciTechDaily noted.
At the time of sample gathering, eight of the study participants had received a positive score on the MCED test. Six of them provided additional blood samples dating back 3.1 to 3.5 years. Four of those samples showed mutations, SciTechDaily reported.
Value of MCED Screening
While the sample size in the Johns Hopkins study is small, results of the tests give patients and their physicians a head start on identifying appropriate treatments and demonstrate the strides already made with MCED screening.
MCED tests are relatively new, and while they continue to lack FDA-approval, their ability to discern various types of cancer and provide advanced detection with helpful results make them a promising approach to early cancer screening, the American Cancer Society (ACS) notes.
“For cancers of all stages, therapies are more effective with a lower disease burden,” the scientists wrote in Cancer Discovery.
MCED tests use blood, saliva, urine, or other body fluids to seek out cancer signs through RNA, DNA, or proteins from abnormal cells that may be cancerous. Current screening can assist with cervical, breast, colorectal, prostate, or lung cancer, the ACS added.
Spotting Cancer Earlier
The Johns Hopkins scientist believe detection beyond three years early is likely. “In four of these six participants, the same mutations detected by the multicancer early detection test could be identified, but at 8.6- to 79-fold lower mutant allele fractions. These results demonstrate that it is possible to detect [circulating tumor DNA] more than three years prior to clinical diagnosis and provide benchmark sensitivities required for this purpose,” the Cancer Discovery study notes.
“Detecting cancers years before their clinical diagnosis could help provide management with a more favorable outcome,” Nickolas Papadopoulos, PhD, professor of oncology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and senior author of the study, told SciTechDaily.
“Of course, we need to determine the appropriate clinical follow-up after a positive test for such cancers,” he added.
—Kristin Althea O’Connor
