Should further study validate these findings, clinical laboratories managing hospital blood banks would be among the first to benefit from an abundance of universal donor blood
In a surprising outcome for microbiome research, scientists at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and Sweden’s Lund University discovered that the bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila, which resides in the human gut, produces enzymes that can be used to process whole blood in ways that could help produce type-O blood. This “universal” blood type can be given to patients during transfusions when other blood types are in short supply.
Receiving the wrong type of blood via a transfusion could result in a fatal reaction where the immune system launches an attack on foreign antigens. As blood bankers and clinical laboratory scientists know, the A antigens in type A blood are not compatible with the B antigens in type B blood. Type-O blood completely lacks these antigens, which explains why it can be used for individuals of any blood type.
The DTU/Lund discovery—still in its initial stages of development—could eventually give blood bankers in hospital laboratories a way to expand their supply of universal type-O blood. Although individuals with type-O blood are universal donors, often the available supply is inadequate to meet the demand.
“For the first time, the new enzyme cocktails not only remove the well-described A and B antigens, but also extended variants previously not recognized as problematic for transfusion safety,” said Maher Abou Hachem, PhD, Professor of Biotechnology and Biomedicine at DTU, one of the authors of the study, in a news release.
Discovering a way that ensures any blood type can donate blood for all blood types could increase the supply of donor blood while reducing the costs and logistics affiliated with storing four separate blood types. Additionally, the production of a universal blood type using gut microorganisms could reduce the waste associated with blood products nearing their expiration dates.
“We are close to being able to produce universal blood from group B donors, while there is still work to be done to convert the more complex group A blood,” said Maher Abou Hachem, PhD (above), Professor of Biotechnology and Biomedicine at DTU in a news release. “Our focus is now to investigate in detail if there are additional obstacles and how we can improve our enzymes to reach the ultimate goal of universal blood production,” he added. Hospital clinical laboratories that manage blood banks will be among the first to benefit from this new process once it is developed and cleared for use in patient care. (Photo copyright: Technical University of Denmark.)
Creating Universal Donor Blood
The bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila is abundant in the guts of healthy humans. It produces valuable compounds, and it is able to break down mucus in the gut and can have significant, positive effects on body weight and metabolic markers.
“What is special about the mucosa is that bacteria, which are able to live on this material, often have tailor-made enzymes to break down mucosal sugar structures, which include blood group ABO antigens. This hypothesis turned out to be correct,” Hachem noted in the DTU news release.
“Instead of doing the work ourselves and synthesizing artificial enzymes, we’ve asked the question: What looks like a red [blood] cell surface? The mucus in our gut does. So, we simply borrowed the enzymes from the bacteria that normally metabolize mucus and then applied them to the red [blood] cells,” Martin Olsson MD, PhD, professor of hematology and transfusion medicine at Lund University, told Live Science. “If you think about it, it’s quite beautiful.”
The researchers successfully identified long strings of sugar structures known as antigens that render one blood type incompatible with another. These antigens define the four blood types: A, B, AB and O. They then used a solution of gut bacteria enzymes to remove the sugar molecules present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).
“We biochemically evaluated 23 Akkermansiaglycosyl hydrolases and identified exoglycosidase combinations which efficiently transformed both A and B antigens and four of their carbohydrate extensions,” the study authors wrote in Nature Microbiology. “Enzymatic removal of canonical and extended ABO antigens on RBCs significantly improved compatibility with group O plasmas, compared to conversion of A or B antigens alone. Finally, structural analysis of two B-converting enzymes identified a previously unknown putative carbohydrate-binding module.”
“Universal blood will create a more efficient utilization of donor blood, and also avoid giving ABO-mismatched transfusions by mistake, which can otherwise lead to potentially fatal consequences in the recipient. When we can create ABO-universal donor blood, we will simplify the logistics of transporting and administering safe blood products, while at the same time minimizing blood waste,” Olsson said in the news release.
Future Progress
The researchers have applied for a patent for the enzymes and their method of enzyme treatment. The two educational institutions hope to make further progress on this joint project over the next three years. They eventually hope to test their theory in controlled patient trials and make it available for commercial production and clinical use.
More research and clinical studies are needed to prove the effectiveness of this discovery. Clinical laboratory professionals—particularly those who manage hospital blood banks—will want to follow DTU’s research. It could someday lead to the availability of a more abundant supply of universal donor blood for transfusions.
As new diagnostic assays are cleared by regulators, clinical laboratories will play a key role in identifying appropriate patients for new less-invasive Alzheimer’s tests
With multiple companies racing to develop a blood-based test for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), clinical laboratories may soon have new less-invasive diagnostic assays for AD on their menus.
Why a race? Because a less-invasive clinical laboratory test that uses a venous blood draw (as opposed to a spinal tap)—and which has increased sensitivity/specificity—has a potentially large market given the substantial numbers of elderly predicted to develop Alzheimer’s over the next decade. It has the potential to be a high volume, high dollar diagnostic test.
In fact, Mordor Intelligence estimates that the market for Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics will grow from $7.7 billion in 2024 to $10.10 billion by 2029.
Alzheimers.gov, an official website of the US government, says, “Researchers have made significant progress in developing, testing, and validating biomarkers that detect signs of the disease process. For example, in addition to PET scans that detect abnormal beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles [abnormal forms of tau protein] in the brain, NIH-supported scientists have developed the first commercial blood test for Alzheimer’s. This test and others in development can not only help support diagnosis but also be used to screen volunteers for research studies.”
Additionally, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is clearing new Alzheimer’s drugs for clinical use. The pharma companies behind these drugs need clinical laboratory tests that accurately diagnosis the disease and confirm that it would be appropriate for the patient to receive the new therapeutic drugs, a key element of precision medicine.
“The big promise for blood tests is that they will eventually be accessible, hopefully, cost-effective, and noninvasive,” Rebecca Edelmayer, PhD (above), Vice President, Scientific Engagement, Alzheimer’s Association, told USA Today. “The field is really moving forward with use of these types of tests,” she added. Clinical laboratories may soon have these new assays on their test menus. (Photo copyright: Alzheimer’s Association.)
Companies in the Race to Develop Blood-based Alzheimer’s Tests
Researchers found that C2N’s blood test can detect brain amyloid status with “sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values that approximate those of amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) imaging,” according to a news release.
“The PrecivityAD2 blood test is intended for use in patients aged 55 and older with signs or symptoms of mild cognitive impairment or dementia who are undergoing evaluation of Alzheimer’s disease or dementia. Only a healthcare provider can order the PrecivityAD2 test,” the news release noted.
“The PrecivityAD2 blood test showed strong clinical validity with excellent agreement with brain amyloidosis by PET,” the researchers wrote.
The PrecivityAD2 test, which is mailed directly by C2N to doctors and researchers, is performed at the company’s CLIA-certified lab, according to USA Today, which added that the cost of $1,450 is generally not covered by insurance plans.
Expanding Test Access with IVD Companies
ALZpath, Inc. has a different approach to the Alzheimer’s disease test market. The Carlsbad, Calif.-based company, set up an agreement with in vitro diagnostics (IVD) company Roche Diagnostics for use of its phosphorylated tau (pTau)217 antibody “to develop and commercialize an Alzheimer’s disease diagnostic blood test that will be offered on the Roche Elecsys platform,” according to a news release.
Roche received FDA breakthrough device designation on the Elecsys pTau217 test earlier this year and will work with pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly to commercialize the test.
Estimates show 75% of dementia cases go undetected—a number which could grow to 140 million by 2050, according to data shared by Roche with Fierce Biotech.
“We plan to leverage our installed base of diagnostic systems, which is the largest in the world, to ensure we are able to create access to this test for those who need it the most,” Matt Sause, CEO, Roche Diagnostics, told Fierce Biotech.
Another IVD company, Beckman Coulter, recently signed an agreement to use ALZpath’s pTau217 antibody test in its DxI 9000 Immunoassay Analyzer. In a news release, Kathleen Orland, SVP and General Manager of the Clinical Chemistry Immunoassay Business Unit at Beckman Coulter, said that the test had “high performance in detecting amyloid pathology” and could “integrate into our advanced DxI 9000 platform to support broad-based testing.”
Clinical Laboratory Participation
The FDA is drafting new guidance titled, “Early Alzheimer’s Disease: Developing Drugs for Treatment” that is “intended to assist sponsors in the clinical development of drugs for the treatment of the stages of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that occur before the onset of overt dementia.”
Pharma companies intent on launching new drugs for Alzheimer’s will need medical laboratory tests that accurately diagnosis the disease to confirm the medications would be appropriate for specific patients.
Given development of the aforementioned pTau217 antibody tests, and others featuring different diagnostic technologies, it’s likely clinical laboratories will soon be performing new assays for diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease.
Studies presented at the Alzheimer’s Association International Conference point to the p-tau217 protein as an especially useful biomarker
Researchers disclosed a potentially useful biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease at a major conference this summer. The good news for clinical laboratories is that the biomarker is found in blood. If further research confirms these early findings, medical laboratories could one day have a diagnostic test for this condition.
That possibility emerged from the Alzheimer’s Association International Conference (AAIC), which was held online July 27-31. Researchers presented findings from multiple studies that suggested blood/plasma levels of a protein known as phospho-tau217 (p-tau217) can indicate brain anomalies associated with Alzheimer’s.“Changes in brain proteins amyloid and tau, and their formation into clumps known as plaques and tangles, respectively, are defining physical features of Alzheimer’s disease in the brain,” states an AAIC press release. “Buildup of tau tangles is thought to correlate closely with cognitive decline. In these newly reported results, blood/plasma levels of p-tau217, one of the forms of tau found in tangles, also seem to correlate closely with buildup of amyloid.”
At present, “there is no single diagnostic test that can determine if a person has Alzheimer’s disease,” the association states on its website. Clinicians will typically review a patient’s medical history and conduct tests to evaluate memory and other everyday thinking skills. That may help determine that an individual has dementia, but not necessarily that Alzheimer’s is the cause.
“Currently, the brain changes that occur before Alzheimer’s dementia symptoms appear can only be reliably assessed by positron-emission tomography (PET) scans, and from measuring amyloid and tau proteins in [cerebrospinal] fluid (CSF),” the association states. “These methods are expensive and invasive. And, too often, they are unavailable because they are not covered by insurance or difficult to access, or both.”
In the AAIC press release, Alzheimer’s Association Chief Science Officer Maria C. Carrillo, PhD, said that a clinical laboratory blood test “would fill an urgent need for simple, inexpensive, non-invasive and easily available diagnostic tools for Alzheimer’s.
“New testing technologies could also support drug development in many ways,” she added. “For example, by helping identify the right people for clinical trials, and by tracking the impact of therapies being tested. The possibility of early detection and being able to intervene with a treatment before significant damage to the brain from Alzheimer’s disease would be game changing for individuals, families, and our healthcare system.”
However, she cautioned, “these are early results, and we do not yet know how long it will be until these tests are available for clinical use. They need to be tested in long-term, large-scale studies, such as Alzheimer’s clinical trials.”
The study, led by Oskar Hansson, MD, of Lund University in Sweden, included 1,402 participants. About half of these were enrolled in BioFINDER-2, an ongoing dementia study in Sweden. In this group, researchers were most interested in the test’s ability to distinguish Alzheimer’s from other neurodegenerative disorders that cause dementia.
Diagnostic accuracy was between 89% and 98%, the researchers reported, which was similar to the performance of PET imaging and CSF tests. P-tau217 was more accurate than magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as other biomarkers, such as p-tau181.
“Today the majority of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease around the world do not get a timely diagnosis, which results in suboptimal symptomatic treatment and care,” Oskar Hansson, MD, said in an Eli Lilly news release. “With rising prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease, more patients will be evaluated in primary care and other clinics where CSF and PET biomarkers are not available. Blood-based biomarkers, like plasma p-tau217, together with digital tools for checking memory performance, such as smartphone-based apps, can considerably improve the diagnostic work-up of Alzheimer’s disease patients in such clinics.” (Photo copyright: Alzheimer’s Fund.)
Another cohort consisted of 81 participants in the Brain and Body Donation Program at Banner Sun Health Research Institute in Sun City, Ariz. In this program, elderly volunteers submit to periodic clinical assessments and agree to donate their organs and tissue for study after they die.
Here, the researchers’ primary goal was to determine the test’s ability to distinguish between individuals with and without Alzheimer’s. Researchers ran the p-tau217 test on plasma samples collected within 2.9 years of death and compared the results to postmortem examinations of the brain tissue. Accuracy was 89% in individuals with amyloid plaques and tangles, and 98% in individuals with plaques and more extensive tangles.
The third cohort consisted of 622 members of a large extended family in Colombia whose members share a genetic mutation that makes them susceptible to early-onset Alzheimer’s, The New York Times reported. Among the members, 365 were carriers of the mutation. In this group, levels of plasma p-tau217 increased by age, and “a significant difference from noncarriers was seen at age 24.9 years,” the researchers wrote in Jama Network. That’s about 20 years before the median age when mild cognitive impairment typically begins to appear in carriers.
Other Alzheimer Biomarker Studies Presented at AAIC
Suzanne Schindler, MD, PhD, a neurologist and instructor in the Department of Neurology at the Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM) in St. Louis, presented results of an Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) study that used mass spectrometry to analyze amyloid and p-tau variants in blood samples collected from participants. The researchers compared these with CSF and PET results and found that some of the of p-tau isoforms, especially p-tau217, had a strong concordance.
“These findings indicate that blood plasma Aβ and p-tau measures are highly precise biomarkers of brain amyloidosis, tauopathy, and can identify stages of clinical and preclinical AD,” stated an AAIC press release on the studies.
The WUSM researches launched the effort to develop and validate Alzheimer’s blood biomarkers called the Study to Evaluate Amyloid in Blood and Imaging Related to Dementia (SEABIRD) in April 2019. It runs through August 2023 and will seek to enroll more than 1,100 participants in the St. Louis area.
Another study presented at the conference compared the performance of p-tau217 and p-tau181 in distinguishing between Alzheimer’s and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD), another condition that causes dementia. Study author Elisabeth Thijssen, MSc, of the UC San Francisco Memory and Aging Center reported that both biomarkers could be useful in differential diagnosis, but that p-tau217 was “potentially superior” for predicting a tau positive PET scan result.
For decades, physicians have wanted a diagnostic test for Alzheimer’s Disease that could identify this condition early in its development. This would allow the patient and the family to make important decisions before the onset of severe symptoms. Such a clinical laboratory test would be ordered frequently and thus would be a new source of revenue for medical laboratories.
