Endemic in the Amazon region, recent spread of the disease caused the CDC to issue recommendations to travelers who develop symptoms after visiting certain countries
Anatomic pathologists, microbiologists, and clinical laboratories active in infectious disease testing will want to stay informed about the worldwide progression of the Oropouche virus. The infectious pathogen is spreading beyond the Amazon region (where it is endemic) into more populated areas—including the US—and possibly being transmitted in novel ways … including through sexual activity.
The virus primarily spreads to people through biting small flies called midges (a.k.a., no-see-ums), according to a CDC Health Alert Network (HAN) Health Advisory, which added that mosquitoes can also spread the disease.
Oropouche infections, the CDC said, are occurring in Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Columbia, and Cuba. Cases identified in the US and Europe seem to be among travelers returning from those countries. Reported cases also include deaths in Brazil and cases of mother-to-child (vertical) transmission.
There is “an increase in Oropouche virus disease in the Americas region, originating from endemic areas in the Amazon basin and new areas in South America and the Caribbean,” CDC noted in its Health Advisory.
Though de Oliveira notes that a global outbreak is not yet expected, researchers are nevertheless raising the alarm.
“The challenge is that this is such a new disease that most clinicians—including infectious disease specialists—are not aware of it and we need to make more patients and healthcare providers aware of the disease and increase access to diagnostics so we can test for it,” said David Hamer, MD (above), infectious disease specialist and professor, global health, at Boston University School of Public Health, in an NPR article. “Over the next year, we are going to learn a lot more.” Pathologist, microbiologists, and clinical laboratories will want to keep an eye on the spread of the Oropouche virus. (Photo copyright: Boston University.)
Risks to Pregnant Women, Seniors
Research published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases estimates up to five million people in the Americas are at risk of exposure to the Oropouche virus. The authors also pointed out that cases in Brazil swelled from 261 between the years 2015 to 2022 to 7,497 by August 2024.
About 60% of people infected with Oropouche have symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and joint pains, according to the CDC Health Advisory, which added that the symptoms generally appear three to 10 days after exposure.
Those with the highest risk of complications from the disease, according to the CDC, include pregnant women, those over age 65, and people with medical conditions such as:
“The geographic range expansion, in conjunction with the identification of vertical transmission and reports of deaths, has raised concerns about the broader threat this virus represents in the Americas,” an additional paper in Emerging Infectious Diseases noted.
“Healthcare providers should be aware of the risk of vertical transmission and possible adverse impacts on the fetus including fetal death or congenital abnormalities,” CDC said in an Oropouche Clinical Overview statement.
“There have been a few cases of maternal to fetal transmission, and there are four cases of congenital Oropouche infections that have been described—all of which led to microcephaly, which is a small head size,” David Hamer, MD, infectious disease specialist and professor global health, Boston University School of Public Health, told NPR.
Diagnostic Testing at Public Labs
Clinical laboratories and physicians should coordinate with state or local health departments for Oropouche virus testing and reporting.
People should consider Oropouche virus testing if they have traveled to an area with documented or suspected cases, have symptoms including fever and headache, and have tested negative for other diseases, especially dengue, according to CDC.
Taking Precautions after Sex
“This [possibility of sexual transmission] brought up more questions than answers,” Hamer told NPR, adding, “we know now is that sexual transmission could happen.”
Though no documented cases of sexual transmission have been recorded, the CDC nevertheless published updated interim guidance, “recommending that male travelers who develop Oropouche symptoms after visiting areas with Level 1 or 2 Travel Health notices for Oropouche to ‘consider using condoms or not having sex for at least 6 weeks’ from the start of their symptoms,” NPR reported.
“Because stillbirths, birth defects, and severe complications and deaths in adults have been reported, CDC is providing interim recommendations on preventing possible sexual transmission based on what we know now,” the CDC stated.
Clinical laboratory leaders working with infectious disease colleagues can help educate physicians and the community about the Oropouche virus and the need to prevent bites from midges and mosquitoes by using, for example, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registered insect repellant.
Diagnostics professionals will want to stay abreast of developing Oropouche cases as well as changes to or expansion of clinical laboratory testing and reported guidance.
New nanotechnology device is significantly faster than typical rapid detection clinical laboratory tests and can be manufactured to identify not just COVID-19 at point of care, but other viruses as well
Researchers at the University of Central Florida (UCF) announced the development of an optical sensor that uses nanotechnology to identify viruses in blood samples in seconds with an impressive 95% accuracy. This breakthrough underscores the value of continued research into technologies that create novel diagnostic tests which offer increased accuracy, faster speed to answer, and lower cost than currently available clinical laboratory testing methods.
The innovative UCF device uses nanoscale patterns of gold that reflect the signature of a virus from a blood sample. UCF researchers claim the device can determine if an individual has a specific virus with a 95% accuracy rate. Different viruses can be identified by using their DNA sequences to selectively target each virus.
According to a UCF Today article, the University of Central Florida research team’s device closely matches the accuracy of widely-used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Additionally, the UCF device provides nearly instantaneous results and has an accuracy rate that’s a marked improvement over typical rapid antigen detection tests (RADT).
Debashis Chanda, PhD (above), holds up the nanotechnology biosensor he and his team at the University of Central Florida developed that can detect viruses in a blood sample in seconds with 95% accuracy and without the need for pre-preparation of the blood sample. Chanda is professor of physics at the NanoScience Technology Center and the College of Optics and Photonics (CREOL) at UCF. Should this detection device prove effective at instantly detecting viruses at the point of care, clinical laboratories worldwide could have a major new tool in the fight against not just COVID-19, but all viral pathogens. (Photo copyright: University of Central Florida.)
Genetic Virus Detection on a Chip
“The sensitive optical sensor, along with the rapid fabrication approach used in this work, promises the translation of this promising technology to any virus detection, including COVID-19 and its mutations, with high degree of specificity and accuracy,” Debashis Chanda, PhD, told UCF Today. Chanda is professor of physics at the NanoScience Technology Center at UCF and one of the authors of the study. “Here, we demonstrated a credible technique which combines PCR-like genetic coding and optics on a chip for accurate virus detection directly from blood.”
The team tested their device using samples of the Dengue virus that causes Dengue fever, a tropical disease spread by mosquitoes. The device can detect viruses directly from blood samples without the need for sample preparation or purification. This feature enables the testing to be timely and precise, which is critical for early detection and treatment of viruses. The chip’s capability also can help reduce the spread of viruses.
No Pre-processing or Sample Preparation Needed for Multi-virus Testing
The scientists confirmed their device’s effectiveness with multiple tests using varying virus concentration levels and solution environments, including environments with the presence of non-target virus biomarkers.
“A vast majority of biosensors demonstrations in the literature utilize buffer solutions as the test matrix to contain the target analyte,” Chanda told UCF Today. “However, these approaches are not practical in real-life applications because complex biological fluids, such as blood, containing the target biomarkers are the main source for sensing and at the same time the main source of protein fouling leading to sensor failure.”
The researchers believe their device can be easily adapted to detect other viruses and are optimistic about the future of the technology.
“Although there have been previous optical biosensing demonstrations in human serum, they still require off-line complex and dedicated sample preparation performed by skilled personnel—a commodity not available in typical point-of-care applications,” said Abraham Vazquez-Guardado, PhD, a Postdoctoral Fellow at Northwestern University who worked on the study, in the UCS Today article. “This work demonstrated for the first time an integrated device which separated plasma from the blood and detects the target virus without any pre-processing with potential for near future practical usages.”
More research and additional studies are needed to develop the University of Central Florida scientists’ technology and prove its efficacy. However, should the new chip prove viable for point-of-care testing, it would give clinical laboratories and microbiologists an ability to test blood samples without any advanced preparation. Combined with the claims for the device’s remarkable accuracy, that could be a boon not only for COVID-19 testing, but for testing other types of viruses as well.
Three innovative technologies utilizing CRISPR-Cas13, Cas12a, and Cas9 demonstrate how CRISPR might be used for more than gene editing, while highlighting potential to develop new diagnostics for both the medical laboratory and point-of-care (POC) testing markets
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is in the news again! The remarkable genetic-editing technology is at the core of several important developments in clinical laboratory and anatomic pathology diagnostics, which Dark Daily has covered in detail for years.
Now, scientists at three universities are investigating ways to expand CRISPR’s use. They are using CRISPR to develop new diagnostic tests, or to enhance the sensitivity of existing DNA tests.
One such advancement improves the sensitivity of SHERLOCK (Specific High Sensitivity Reporter unLOCKing), a CRISPR-based diagnostic tool developed by a team at MIT. The new development harnesses the DNA slicing traits of CRISPR to adapt it as a multifunctional tool capable of acting as a biosensor. This has resulted in a paper-strip test, much like a pregnancy test, that can that can “display test results for a single genetic signature,” according to MIT News.
Such a medical laboratory test would be highly useful during pandemics and in rural environments that lack critical resources, such as electricity and clean water.
One Hundred Times More Sensitive Medical Laboratory Tests!
MIT News highlighted the high specificity and ease-of-use of their system in detecting Zika and Dengue viruses simultaneously. However, researchers stated that the system can target any genetic sequence. “With the original SHERLOCK, we were detecting a single molecule in a microliter, but now we can achieve 100-fold greater sensitivity … That’s especially important for applications like detecting cell-free tumor DNA in blood samples, where the concentration of your target might be extremely low,” noted Abudayyeh.
“The [CRISPR] technology demonstrates potential for many healthcare applications, including diagnosing infections in patients and detecting mutations that confer drug resistance or cause cancer,” stated senior authorFeng Zhang, PhD. Zhang, shown above in the MIT lab named after him, is a Core Institute Member of the Broad Institute, Associate Professor in the departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Biological Engineering at MIT, and a pioneer in the development of CRISPR gene-editing tools. (Photo copyright: MIT.)
Creating a Cellular “Black Box” using CRISPR
Another unique use of CRISPR technology involved researchers David Liu, PhD, and Weixin Tang, PhD, of Harvard University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). Working in the Feng Zhang laboratory at the Broad Institute, they developed a sort of “data recorder” that records events as CRISPR-Cas9 is used to remove portions of a cell’s DNA.
They published the results of their development of CRISPR-mediated analog multi-event recording apparatus (CAMERA) systems, in Science. The story was also covered by STAT.
“The order of stimuli can be recorded through an overlapping guide RNA design and memories can be erased and re-recorded over multiple cycles,” the researchers noted. “CAMERA systems serve as ‘cell data recorders’ that write a history of endogenous or exogenous signaling events into permanent DNA sequence modifications in living cells.”
This creates a system much like the “black box” recorders in aircraft. However, using Cas9, data is recorded at the cellular level. “There are a lot of questions in cell biology where you’d like to know a cell’s history,” Liu told STAT.
While researchers acknowledge that any medical applications are in the far future, the technology holds the potential to capture and replay activity on the cellular level—a potentially powerful tool for oncologists, pathologists, and other medical specialists.
Using CRISPR to Detect Viruses and Infectious Diseases
Another recently developed technology—DNA Endonuclease Targeted CRISPR Trans Reporter (DETECTR)—shows even greater promise for utility to anatomic pathology groups and clinical laboratories.
Also recently debuted in Science, the DETECTR system is a product of Jennifer Doudna, PhD, and a team of researchers at the University of California Berkeley and HHMI. It uses CRISPR-Cas12a’s indiscriminate single-stranded DNA cleaving as a biosensor to detect different human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Once detected, it signals to indicate the presence of HPV in human cells.
Despite the current focus on HPVs, the researchers told Gizmodo they believe the same methods could identify other viral or bacterial infections, detect cancer biomarkers, and uncover chromosomal abnormalities.
Future Impact on Clinical Laboratories of CRISPR-based Diagnostics
Each of these new methods highlights the abilities of CRISPR both as a data generation tool and a biosensor. While still in the research phases, they offer yet another possibility of improving efficiency, targeting specific diseases and pathogens, and creating new assays and diagnostics to expand medical laboratory testing menus and power the precision medicine treatments of the future.
As CRISPR-based diagnostics mature, medical laboratory directors might find that new capabilities and assays featuring these technologies offer new avenues for remaining competitive and maintaining margins.
However, as SHERLOCK demonstrates, it also highlights the push for tests that produce results with high-specificity, but which do not require specialized medical laboratory training and expensive hardware to read. Similar approaches could power the next generation of POC tests, which certainly would affect the volume, and therefore the revenue, of independent clinical laboratories and hospital/health system core laboratories.
Using 3D printing and a chemical heat source, University of Pennsylvania researchers have created a proof-of-concept for an affordable Zika test that returns results in just 40 minutes
There’s a gap in Zika virus testing that researchers at the University of Pennsylvania hope to fill. That gap is a point-of-care test for the Zika virus that can produce a fast and accurate result, whether in developed nations or in developing countries that don’t have many state-of-the art clinical laboratories.
