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Clinical Laboratories and Pathology Groups

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Smartwatch-based Fitness Apps Gaining Popularity Over Other Fitness Wearables such as Fitbit. Will This Affect the Data Clinical Laboratories See Streaming Their Way?

Consumer demand for health trackers combined with other smartwatch capabilities is driving a trend away from simple health trackers and toward more complex devices, such as the Apple Watch, for their more powerful capabilities

It is still an open question as to whether clinical laboratories will experience an onrush of patient test data streaming at them from healthcare consumer portals and mobile devices. The popularity of wearable fitness/medical technology has been widely touted in the media. Predictions have been that these devices—when coupled with smartphone and tablet applications (apps)—would generate substantial volumes of digital patient data that would be useful for medical laboratories to capture and add to the clinical lab test data of the patients they serve.

But will these predictions of a flood of data from wearable devices become reality? Is this a trend about which medical laboratories should be concerned? Recent statistics provide some insight into these questions. For example, the sales numbers for wearable devices are significant.

Smartwatches Gaining Ground in Wearable Fitness Market

In 2016, 102.4 million wearable devices were sold, which was a 25% increase over the previous year, according to Smart Insights, a publisher for marketers. Now, several sports apparel companies, such as Adidas and Under Armour, are either launching smartwatches with health/fitness-related software and activity trackers, or eliminating their digital fitness business units altogether.

And according to MobiHealthNews, “[today’s] landscape looks awfully different.

“I think the industry is still struggling to find real, meaningful points of reference with consumers,” Dan Ledger, Principal and Founder, Path Collaborative, a Massachusetts consulting firm, told MobiHealthNews. “You hear anecdotes of people who had Fitbit (NYSE:FIT) and lost weight. But it hasn’t really been a success as a market product like a smartphone—like a lot of these companies were expecting when they were reading the tea leaves four or five years ago.”

For example, Adidas reassigned employees working in the fitness watch and sensor-enabled footwear departments to other areas, according to the Portland Business Journal. “We are integrating digital across all areas of our business and will continue to grow our digital expertise but in a more integrated way,” an Adidas spokesperson told Just-Style.

And, Nike announced its intention late last year to abandon the wearables market altogether. “It wasn’t authentic to who we were,” Jordan Rice, Senior Director of Nike NXT Smart Systems Engineering, told MobiHealthNews.

Meanwhile, Under Armour announced in 2017 that it planned to eliminate the UA HealthBox, a wearable device that offered a connected activity tracker, heart rate monitor, and smart scale tools, according to MHealth Spot. Instead, the publication reported, Under Armour was partnering with Samsung on fitness apps:

  • MyFitnessPal;
  • MapMyFitness;
  • Endomondo; and,
  • UA Record.

More Consumers Strapping on Smartwatches

Fitbit recently released the Fitbit Ionic Watch. According to Fitbit’s website, features include:

  • Personal coaching;
  • Heart rate monitor;
  • All-day activity tracking;
  • Sleep stages monitoring; and more.
Apple-Watch-Biometric-Data-500w@96ppi

The smartwatch may be the new “smart” way to go, compared to simple activity trackers. Smartwatch manufactures are partnering with biometric monitoring app developers (such as Apple Watch and IBM Watson Health, shown above) to service consumers who need to monitor, capture, and distribute their critical health data. (Photo copyright: Alexey Boldin/Shutterstock.)

 

Consumer Reports, citing NPD Group market data, noted smartwatches are increasingly becoming the device-of-choice for consumers who gather fitness data. Besides tracking heart rate, some smartwatch apps also release notifications about accomplishment of goals, enable access to e-mail, and more.

Consumer Reports noted:

  • Smartwatches were used by 17% of US adults in the first quarter of 2015, and the remaining 83% in the demographic used activity trackers;
  • Smartwatch use jumped to 38% by the fourth quarter of 2017; and,
  • Smartwatches will rise to 48% of new market purchases by the fourth quarter this year.

Hardware is Hard

Fitness wearable devices have long been touted by the media for their potential to stream critical health data directly to physicians, to patients’ electronic health records, and to medical laboratories. Dark Daily foresaw in 2016 that, when paired with a smartphone or table computer, the momentum of the fitness wearables trend was substantial. For this reason, clinical laboratory managers and pathologists would want to stay current with these developments. However, today it appears companies offering wearable monitoring devices could be finding it more difficult than anticipated to capture the attention of consumers and leverage what the devices do.

In the end, sports apparel companies are not leaving the digital fitness space entirely, but simply adjusting to new consumer demands. Clinical laboratory leaders will want to keep watch on these developments as the trend evolves. The outcome could alter how patient data enters the pathology workflow.

—Donna Marie Pocius

Related Information:

Digital Marketing Strategy Wearables Statistics 2017

Sports Apparel Brands are All Walking Away from Fitness Wearables

Under Armour Kills the HealthBox Suite of Connected Devices

Adidas to Cut Digital Sports Division

Fitness Tracker or Smartwatch: Which is Best for You?

Improvements to Fitness Wearables Help Stream Data from Consumers Homes to EHRs and Clinical Pathology Laboratories

Apple’s Update of Its Mobile Health App Consolidates Data from Multiple EHRs and Makes It Easier to Push Clinical Laboratory Data to Patients

January’s press release confirmed the tech company is working to integrate critical medical data into its mobile devices, while further promoting interoperability and patient access

While interoperability has improved since the earliest electronic health record (EHR) systems, today’s active patients often need to sort through multiple healthcare portals—including those of clinical laboratories and anatomic pathology groups—to get a comprehensive view of their medical history. Not only can this be time consuming, but also inconvenient if the patient lacks access to a computer.

Thus, it’s no surprise that in a January 24 press release, mobile technology giant Apple announced plans to enter the development ring and create an improved EHR for its mobile device users by updating its existing “Health” mobile application (app). The iOS 11.3 update, among other things, is designed to enable Apple iPhone owners to receive critical medical data, such as medical laboratory test results, directly on their devices.

“Our goal is to help consumers live a better day. We’ve worked closely with the health community to create an experience everyone has wanted for years—to view medical records easily and securely right on your iPhone,” said Apple COO Jeff Williams in the press release.

Jeff-Williams-COO-Apple

Jeff Williams (above), COO at Apple, notes that, “By empowering customers to see their overall health, we hope to help consumers better understand their health and help them lead healthier lives.” (Photo copyright: Apple.)

The new features are already available to developers in the latest iOS 11.3 beta 3 release. However, release to the public is expected soon with the issuance of the iOS 11.3 final release. This means that patients will not need to download extra apps—or remember to use them—to take advantage of the feature.

New Way to Improve Patients’ Access to Health Data or Just Another Data Silo?

The Apple Health Records platform adheres to Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) protocols for transmission of data. Providers send information to Apple which then aggregates the information, transmits it to patients’ iPhones and notifies them of the updates.

All information stored on the device is encrypted in storage and protected from unauthorized access by the user’s password.

Through the new Health Records interface, users view this aggregated data as a timeline, conduct searches, and share information with other parties as they deem appropriate.

Current medical information listed in the press release includes:

  • Allergies;
  • Conditions;
  • Immunizations;
  • Clinical laboratory results;
  • Medications;
  • Procedures; and,
  • Vitals.

Currently, the platform integrates data from three major EHR developers:

  • Epic;
  • Cerner; and,
  • AthenaHealth

Apple-health-records-ios-11.3-Update

Apple’s update to the Health app makes it easier for people to access and control of all of their health records and data. This included medical laboratory tests. (Image and caption copyright: Apple.)

Apple is also working with 12 health institutions across the US in the first phase of the project, including:

In the Apple press release, Stephanie Reel, CIO at John Hopkins Medicine in Baltimore, stated, “Streamlining information sharing between patients and their caregivers can go a long way towards making the patient experience a positive one. This is why we are excited about working with Apple to make accessing secure medical records from an iPhone as simple for a patient as checking email.”

Previous Attempts at Mobile Health Record Devices Got Mixed Results

This isn’t the first time a major technology company has attempted to enter the mobile health market. Google Health was shuttered in 2011 citing low adoption. Wearable fitness trackers, such as Fitbit (NYSE:FIT) enjoyed a bubble, but are now seeing mixed success in terms of long-term adoption and use, according to The Motley Fool. More to the point, they’ve never quite become the holy grail of monitoring and data collection that some experts predicted, Huffington Post reported.

However, Apple’s investments and interest in healthcare-related technologies has led to wide speculation that they would enter the health market this year. (See Dark DailyApple May Be Developing Mobile Device Technology to Monitor User’s Health and Transmit Data in Real Time.”)

Larry Dignan, Editor-in-Chief at ZDNet, builds a compelling case for why this could be the attempt that succeeds in providing a consolidated platform for clinical laboratories, physicians, and other care providers to push data directly to patients and—with the patient’s permission—to each other, regardless of the platforms healthcare facilities use to store and transmit data.

He notes that much of Apple’s newest features build on foundations laid by the healthcare industry to create scalable, functional EHR systems. By working with existing protocols, Apple’s Health Records platform is already positioned for compatibility with many healthcare providers.

Furthermore, Apple is already known for partnering at the enterprise level with major businesses and industries, while also holding the trust of millions of Americans who store their personal information on Apple devices.

Is Apple the Future of EHRs?

Despite this, until the platform—and adoption by the public—is proven a success, it will be yet another walled garden of medical information. Even then, Apple is only one segment of the global mobile market.

Unless Apple provides access to other platforms (such as Android), those patients—and the medical communities serving them—are left consolidating information on their own through a sprawl of various portals. This also means that medical laboratories, pathology groups, and other service providers must continue to invest time and funding into communicating data in ways compatible with a plethora of internal and external systems and software.

Still, the platform offers an intriguing glimpse at the future of medical records and heralds a shift toward empowering patients with easy, comprehensive access to their own data, which would be a boon to the medical laboratory industry.

—Jon Stone

Related Information:

Apple Previews iOS 11.3

Apple Announces Effortless Solution Bringing Health Records to iPhone

With Medical Records Tools, Apple Wades Deeper into Digital Health

Apple Confirms “Health Records” Solution with Aim to Bring Medical Records to iPhone

Apple Will Let You Keep Your Medical Records on Your iPhone

Apple Unveils mHealth Integration with EMR Data through Health App

Apple, Inc. Wants to Solve the Problem of Electronic Health Records

Viewpoint: How Realistic Is Apple’s Attempt at the EHR Industry? Very—6 Reasons Why

Apple Can Win Electronic Medical Record Game with Health Records in iOS 11.3: Here’s 7 Reasons Why

Apple Is Officially in the EHR Business. Now What?

Apple to Launch Health Records App with HL7’s FHIR Specifications at 12 Hospitals

Could Amazon or Apple Actually Make a Dent in the EHR Market?

Apple May Be Developing Mobile Device Technology to Monitor User’s Health and Transmit Data in Real Time

Anatomic Pathologists Who Work in Independent Reference Laboratories Can Now Provide Diagnostic Services for CLIA-Approved Hospitals without Need for Additional Credentialing and Privileging

The Joint Commission’s recent alteration to the Introduction to Leadership (LD) Standard LD.04.03.09 makes it easier for off-site and independent reference laboratories to service CLIA-hospitals and other CLIA-approved healthcare facilities

Anatomic pathologists working for reference laboratories can now provide diagnostic services to hospitals, critical-access hospitals, and ambulatory care facilities in the US based on the organization’s Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) status, rather than the usual credentialing and privileging. The Joint Commission (TJC) made the change effective January 2018.

According to a TJC press release, “Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) regulations 42 CFR 493.1351 through 493.1495 outline specific and rigorous competency requirements for laboratory personnel, including requirements for pathology services and its subspecialties. But because pathologists practicing in the US are required to comply with these requirements, Joint Commission-accredited organizations that seek the services of pathologists within independent reference laboratories (that comply with CLIA regulations) can safely presume that the pathologists are qualified and competent to perform all diagnostic services within their pathology practice—thus making an additional credentialing and privileging process unnecessary.”

In an interview with Dark Daily, Heather Hurley, Executive Director, The Joint Commission, and Ron Quicho, Associate Project Director and Standards Development Director at TJC, explained the reasons behind this change. “With the current CLIA requirements, the previous standard was adding unnecessary burdens and regulatory overhead to hospitals and ambulatory care organizations—especially as outsourcing continues to increase within the testing market. This update helps to reduce these burdens and streamline testing,” Hurley noted.

Quicho added, “The Joint Commission continually evaluates its standards and survey process to ensure that we are providing an accreditation service that is of the highest quality and value. That said, we made the decision to update the standards based on feedback from stakeholders and customers.”

Ron-Quicho-Heather-Hurley-Joint-Commission

Ron Quicho, Associate Project Director and Standards Development Director (left), and Heather Hurley, Executive Director (right), The Joint Commission, believe these updated standards will benefit clinical laboratories and hospitals alike. But they note, “Anytime the pathologist provides professional services and consultation in the same laboratory where the specimen was collected or prepared, credentialing and privileging would be required. The exception for credentialing and privileging only applies when pathology services are provided off-site, such as at a reference laboratory.” (Photo copyrights: LinkedIn/The Joint Commission.)

Joint Commission Reduces ‘Unnecessary Burden’ on Hospitals, Ambulatory Care Facilities

Reference testing and CLIA have been a common part of the diagnostics and medical laboratory landscape for decades. According to Quicho, the key components of The Joint Commission’s decision include:

  • Increasing numbers of independent practitioners and consultants;
  • Reference laboratories often seek pathology services from another laboratory for certain testing and screening. As such, it is unclear if the credentialing and privileging requirements extend to these secondary pathology services, since they may also be providing the interpretation;
  • It would be virtually impossible to credential and privilege all pathologists at a reference laboratory whose services result in patient care decisions, since interpretations are made not only in anatomical (surgical) pathology but in many areas of clinical pathology; and,
  • Reference laboratories employ hundreds of pathologists and healthcare facilities and cannot be sure of who provides interpretation on specimens that are sent out.

It is important to understand that the exclusions in this latest TJC update only apply when testing is performed offsite of the ordering facility. In their press release, TJC stated, “A reference laboratory is a laboratory contracted for testing that is owned and operated by an organization other than the organization referring the testing … When the pathologist provides his or her professional service, including consultation in the same laboratory or organization where the specimen was collected or prepared, credentialing and privileging is required.”

TJC Change Helps Clinical Laboratories and Hospitals Alike

Hurley points out that the January 2018 edition of TJC’s “Comprehensive Accreditation Manuals” already includes the updated standard and that participating ambulatory care, critical access hospitals, and hospitals were updated regarding the changes. The 2018 print editions will also include this change.

She also points out that exclusion from the standard’s requirements does not prevent hospitals from still requiring credentialing or privileging for their internal compliance processes or regulations. Quicho also emphasizes the importance of continuing to meet all CLIA requirements surrounding competencies, training, and personnel qualifications.

The TJC update should result in less action required by both clinical laboratories and hospitals alike—a welcome change for a market in a state of near-constant flux due to healthcare reform and increased regulation. The reasoning behind the decision also highlights current trends amongst pathology groups and clinical laboratories concerning scaling through consolidation and outsourcing among hospitals, ambulatory care organizations, and critical care providers.

—Jon Stone

Related Information:

Now in Effect: Change to Requirements for Credentialing, Privileging of Independent Pathologists

Credentialing and Privileging of Independent Pathologists

The Joint Commission No Longer Requires Credentialing and Privileging of Independent Pathologists—Four Things to Know

Flu Season Brings Shut Down of Elective Surgeries and Procedures in United Kingdom’s National Health Service Hospitals

Mounting financial and patient-care problems in UK show NHS may not provide a quality blueprint for fixing US healthcare system flaws

Patients scheduled for elective surgeries—such as hip replacements or penciled in for routine outpatient appointments—have been turned away this winter from National Health Service (NHS) hospitals as the United Kingdom’s (UK’s) public healthcare system suffers another care emergency.

This latest crisis in the UK should provide further evidence to anatomic pathologists and medical laboratory leaders that the United States healthcare system is not alone in facing mounting financial and patient care questions. While an NHS-like single-payer healthcare system in the US is the goal of many reformers, the UK’s current crisis indicates such a system has serious flaws.

UK News Organizations Disagree with Government Leaders as to Cause of Crisis

NHS officials estimate as many as 55,000 elective operations and outpatient procedures were cancelled as hospitals attempted to free up capacity for the sickest patients. The Telegraph reported that the bed shortfall is blamed on a spike in winter flu, with budget cuts to social services for home healthcare, staff shortages, and an aging population further pressuring the healthcare system.

In late January, the NHS’ National Emergency Pressure Panel (NEPP) announced that planned operations, such as elective surgeries, that had been “suspended because of pressure on the NHS in January,” would be able to resume in February, Sky News reported.

Meanwhile, in response to the original decision in January to have hospitals stop performing elective surgeries and similar procedures, an editorial in The Guardian challenged Prime Minister Theresa May’s suggestion that the current crisis was primarily due to the flu epidemic.

“This is not the flu: it is a system-wide crisis brought about by seven years of mounting austerity,” The Guardian’s editors wrote. “Oh, and that is getting worse, too. The official defense is that this is not a crisis because there is a plan … But planning can’t magic up highly trained doctors and nurses. Plans do not make hospital beds. And while vaccination helps, you can’t entirely plan your way out of the impact of flu.”

Doctors Report ‘Intolerable Conditions’ at 68 Hospitals

The crisis reached new heights when specialists in emergency medicine from 68 hospitals sent a letter to the prime minister stating the “current level of safety compromise is at times intolerable, despite the best efforts of staff.” The letter, published in The Guardian, also pointed out media coverage reporting anecdotal accounts of “appalling” situations in many emergency departments “are not outliers.” According the doctors, conditions include:

  • Over 120 patients a day managed in corridors, some dying prematurely;
  • An average of 10-12 hours from decision to admit a patient until they are transferred to a bed;
  • Over 50 patients at a time awaiting beds in the emergency department; and,
  • Patients sleeping in clinics as makeshift wards.

One doctor, Richard Fawcett, MD, drew media attention when he used Twitter to apologized for “third world conditions” caused by overcrowding in the hospital where he works, The Telegraph reported.

Richard Fawcett, MD

Richard Fawcett, MD (above), a consultant in emergency medicine for University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, drew widespread media attention in England when he apologized to patients on Twitter for the “third world conditions” this winter at the hospital where he works. A Lieutenant Colonel in the British Royal Army, Fawcett has done three deployments to Afghanistan. (Photo copyright: Midlands Air Ambulance Charity.)

NHS officials acknowledged staff criticism but attempted to paint the crisis as temporary. University of North Midlands NHS Trust (UHNM) told BBC News that area hospitals had been under “severe and sustained pressure over the Christmas period,” which had “continued into the new year.”

“Our staff want the very best for our patients and at times they find the situation frustrating, which can be reflected on social media. However, we are a leading trauma, stroke, and cardiac center and have been regularly praised by external independent commentators for the quality of compassionate care provided at our hospitals despite all our pressures,” Dr. John Oxtoby, Consultant Radiologist and Deputy Medical Director, UHNM, told BBC News.

“We have to keep going and turn up in a fit state to do the best job that we can. But it’s been really tough, particularly on more junior staff,” one hospital staff member told The Guardian. “And when they ask me, ‘Will it always be like this and will it get better?’ I cannot say it will improve as the truth is it won’t unless the NHS gets the resources and investment it needs.”

Basic Elements of Care Neglected

This is not the first time the NHS has come under fire for substandard patient care.

Between 400 and 1,200 patients are estimated to have died as result of poor care between January 2005 and March 2008 at Stafford Hospital, reported The Guardian. A 2010 report into care at the hospital, now named County Hospital and run by UHNM, found a litany of problems.

“For many patients, the most basic elements of care were neglected,” inquiry Chairman Sir Robert Francis, QC, told The Guardian. “Some patients needing pain relief either got it late or not at all. Others were left unwashed for up to a month … The standards of hygiene were at times awful, with families forced to remove used bandages and dressings from public areas and clean toilets themselves for fear of catching infections.”

Reports of substandard patient care within the United Kingdom’s National Health Service are not new. British barrister Sir Robert Francis, QC (above), led investigations into the Stafford Hospital scandal, which uncovered that an estimated 400 to 1200 patients died between 2005 and 2008 at the facility due to appalling conditions and lax procedures. (Photo copyright: The Telegraph.)

Why not this crisis in US? Because, even if our system of healthcare has flaws, it is responsive to consumer/patient demand. Whereas, in the UK, the NHS is always budget short and so is always struggling to invest in expanding hospital/physician capacity to meet the steady increase in patient demand.

Dark Daily’s goal in reporting on this story is to help anatomic pathologists and clinical laboratory leaders in the United States understand that every country’s health system—like ours—has its share of unique problems and is not perfect.

—Andrea Downing Peck

Related Information:

NHS Patients Dying in Hospital Corridors, A/E Doctors Tell Theresa May

The Guardian View on the Crisis: It’s Not Just the Flu

Mid Staffs Hospital Scandal: The Essential Guide

NHS Crisis: ‘I Live in Fear I’ll Miss a Seriously Ill Patient and They Will Die’

Hospitals to Delay Non-Urgent Operations

NHS to Lift Suspension of Elective Surgery as Hospital Pressures ‘Ease’

Potential New Clinical Laboratory Urine Test for TB Could Speed Up Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease That Kills 1.7 Million People Each Year

Public health agencies and physicians would gain access to accurate, rapid dip-stick test that could give results similar to a pregnancy test

Tuberculosis is a major killer that ranks alongside HIV/AIDS as a leading cause of death worldwide. This deadly disease takes the lives of more than a million people each year. And, unfortunately, traditional medical laboratory testing using X-rays, blood/skin/sputum specimens, or the new molecular diagnostic systems can be time consuming and expensive.

Now, scientists at George Mason University (GMU) in Virginia have developed a urine test for tuberculosis (TB) that could lead to a dip-stick technology that would accurately and rapidly diagnose the deadly lung disease. Similar to a pregnancy test, if successfully developed for use in clinical settings, the dip-stick could not only enable public health agencies to test for TB more effectively, but also allow primary care physicians and other doctors to easily test their patients for TB at the point of care. However, it also could mean clinical laboratories might find their participation.

Nearly All TB Deaths Occur in Resource Strapped Areas

Such a breakthrough would certainly be a boon to public health and global healthcare, especially in resource strapped areas of the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 95% of the 1.7 million TB deaths each year occur in low- and middle-income countries. This is one reason why an inexpensive and easy-to-use detection method for diagnosing the lung disease has long been sought. TB is curable, particularly if diagnosed early.

With that goal in mind, an international team led by Alessandra Luchini, PhD, Associate Professor at GMU, and Lance Liotta, PhD, MD, co-director and co-founder of the GMU Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, developed the potentially revolutionary urine test that uses nanotechnology to measure a sugar molecule in urine that identifies TB with a high degree of accuracy. The scientists published their results in Science Translational Magazine.

George Mason University scientists Alessandra Luchini, PhD

George Mason University scientists Alessandra Luchini, PhD (above left), and Lance Liotta, MD, PhD (above right), head an international team that has developed a nanotechnology that may lead to a simple dipstick urine test to detect tuberculosis. Such a test could greatly impact medical laboratories by reducing the need for traditional lab tests. (Photo copyrights: George Mason University.)

While past attempts at developing an accurate urine test for TB failed to reliably detect low concentrations of the sugar entity lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in HIV-negative, TB-infected patients, the GMU team developed a technology capable of doing so.

According to New Scientist, the GMU team’s test “uses tiny molecular cages embedded with a special dye that can catch and trap these sugar molecules. This makes the test capable of detecting the sugar at low concentrations, making the technique as much as 1,000 times more accurate [than] previous methods for detecting TB in urine.”

“We can measure now what could never be measured before,” Liotta noted in a news release.

World Health Organization Recommends Not Using Serodiagnostic Blood Tests

Common methods to detect TB currently include microscopy of sputum samples—a fast and accurate but expensive detection method (that also can diagnosis drug resistant disease)—or a skin test. A third test for TB, an Interferon-Gamma Release Assay, provides results in less than 24 hours but cannot distinguish between active and latent infection. In 2011, the WHO issued a Policy Recommendation urging countries to stop using serodiagnostic blood tests to diagnose TB, calling these tests unreliable and inaccurate. X-rays, meanwhile, detect only advanced lung damage.

In the GMU study, 48 Peruvian patients were chosen, all with active pulmonary TB, none of whom was infected with HIV or previously had received treatment for TB. According to the research, TB infections were detected with greater than 95% sensitivity, with TB-positive, HIV-negative patients having detectably higher concentrations of LAM in their urine compared to the controls. Patients who had more advanced disease also had elevated LAM concentrations. Eight of nine patients who were smear-negative and culture-positive for TB tested positive for urinary LAM.

“The technology can be configured in a variety of formats to detect a panel of previously undetectable very-low-abundance TB urinary analytes … This technology has broad implications for pulmonary TB screening, transmission control, and treatment management for HIV-negative patients,” the study’s authors told Science.

While The Scientist reports the GMU urine test gives results in about 12 hours, Luchini’s goal is for that timeframe to be dramatically shortened as the test is refined.

“We showed that our technology could be used to measure several different kinds of markers for TB in the urine and could be configured as a rapid test similar to a pregnancy test,” Luchini said in a GMU news release.

According to the university, GMU researchers will continue their work in Peru, where students will begin testing hundreds of patients as part of a research study. Grants from the National Institutes of Health and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation are funding their work. Luchini told New Scientist her goal is to make their TB urine test easier to use and to test it on thousands more people.

If successful, she predicts the test could be commercially available for physicians and clinical laboratories to use within three years. GMU’s biotechnology partner Ceres Nanosciences will be commercializing the technology, with the aim of making the test available worldwide, the university said in a statement.

—Andrea Downing Peck

Related Information:

TB, or Not TB? At Last, a Urine Test Can Diagnose It Quickly

Urine Lipoarabinomannan Glycan in HIV-Negative Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Correlates with Disease Severity

Mason Scientists Develop Nanotechnology-based Urine Test that Could Lead to Early TB Detection

Urine Test for TB Yields Results in 12 Hours

Tuberculosis Serodiagnostic Tests Policy Statement 2011

Tuberculosis Mortality Nearly Halved Since 1990

Tuberculosis Fact Sheet

Severe Lack of Volunteers for Clinical Laboratory Studies Has US Alzheimer’s Researchers Employing Innovative Methods to Recruit Participants

Low interest and a lack of diversity among study participants hinders research into one of America’s most fatal and costly chronic diseases

Finding enough people to participate in clinical laboratory trials for Alzheimer’s disease can be a daunting task for researchers. The shortage of participants has compelled scientists to develop innovative ways to locate volunteers for their studies. That includes “Swab-a-Palooza” events to make it easy for individuals to provide samples for this research and get speedy feedback about their ApoE.

“It’s all about recruitment now,” Stephen Salloway, MD, Director of Neurology and the Memory and Aging Program at Butler Hospital in Providence, R.I., and Professor of Clinical Neurosciences and Psychiatry at Brown Medical School, said in an article on the Biomedical Research Forum (BRF) website.

Some researchers are hunting online and offering free genetic testing to interested individuals to ensure they obtain the number of participants needed for their trials. Both the Alzheimer’s Prevention Registry (APR) and the Brain Health Registry (BHR) are using the Internet to compile listings of suitable participants.

The APR is dedicated to uniting Alzheimer’s researchers with individuals interested in participating in clinical trials. The Phoenix-based non-profit organization also educates the public on Alzheimer’s and prevention of the disease. The Brain Health Registry is a web-based research study led by medical researchers at the University of California, San Francisco. Participants complete online questionnaires and tests that provide researchers with information regarding an individual’s health, lifestyle, and cognitive function. The collected data is used to create a listing of potential participants for Alzheimer’s studies.

Using Genetic Testing to Recruit Alzheimer’s Study Participants

GeneMatch is a program led by the Banner Alzheimer’s Institute in the Phoenix area that is part of the APR. The purpose of this national program is to recruit participants for research on Alzheimer’s disease by using genetic testing to match qualified volunteers with research studies. According to their website, 80% of research studies on the disease aren’t completed on time due to a lack of volunteers.

Anyone can register to be part of GeneMatch as long as they live in the United States and are between the ages of 55 and 75. In addition, participants cannot have a diagnosis of cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s, or dementia.

“We hold local swabbing parties, where the GeneMatch sign-up rate is 95%,” Pierre Tariot, MD, Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, and Director of Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, said in the BRF article. “Jeffrey Cummings calls them Swab-a-Paloozas.”

GeneMatch screens individuals for the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and the ApoE-e4 allele which increases the risk for Alzheimer’s disease and is associated with earlier onset of memory loss and other symptoms. At this time, it is not known how this allele is related to the risk of getting the disease, but researchers have discovered the brain tissue of affected individuals have an increased number of protein clumps called amyloid plaques. A buildup of these plaques may lead to the death of neurons and the presence of Alzheimer’s symptoms.

“I spend a lot of time in my community doing outreach. People are very interested and receptive,” said Salloway, who recently hosted a swabbing party for GeneMatch. “At events, I ask everyone to tell five other people about what they learned, and to host swabbing parties themselves.”

The DNA samples obtained by GeneMatch are analyzed by a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) certified laboratory. Over the past two years, GeneMatch has tested over 45,000 individuals for the ApoE-e4 allele and were able to identify 1,000 homozygote and 9,000 heterozygote carriers.

Lack of Diversity Among Study Participants

A paper published in September 2017 by Jeffrey Cummings, MD, Director of the Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health in Las Vegas, estimated the number of participants currently needed for Alzheimer’s research is over 55,000. Clinical trials for Alzheimer’s need volunteers who have little or no symptoms of the illness and locating such interested individuals can be complicated.

Jeffrey-Cummings-MD

Jeffrey Cummings, MD (above), is Medical Director at Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health in Las Vegas. In an interview with Drug Discovery and Development, Cummings said, “There is a huge problem of recruitment for many diseases throughout the nation. The problem goes beyond Alzheimer’s disease; there is a general lack of awareness by the public of either the availability or the importance of clinical trials.” (Photo copyright: Jerry Henkel/Las Vegas Review-Journal.)

Additional obstacles that face Alzheimer’s researchers are the lack of diversity among volunteers for their studies. The participants in GeneMatch are 78% female and there is little representation of African-American and Latino minorities.

“It’s not easy to get healthy individuals to join, and those who do are predominantly highly educated, white, and female,” Jessica Langbaum, PhD, Principal Scientist at Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, said in the BRF article. “That’s okay if the women are the health-info gatherers and send their men for trials, but it will be a problem if we cannot get men into studies.”

Delivering ApoE Genotype Results at Events

Technology that could help locate participants for Alzheimer’s research at open “Swab-a-Palooza” events include a small ApoE analyzer called the Spartan Cube. The small molecular diagnostic device, manufactured by Ottawa-based Spartan Bioscience, Inc., can deliver an ApoE genotype result in less than an hour. The gadget is perfect for outreach gatherings, as people can learn their ApoE genotype while at an event. At this time, the Spartan Cube is used only for research purposes and is not CLIA approved.

The paper by Cummings was a topic of discussion at the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease (CTAD), which was held in November in Boston. The CTAD is an annual conference for Alzheimer’s disease researchers to meet and share information about the disease with each other. The 11th CTAD conference will take place in Barcelona, Spain, in October of this year.

More than five million people are living with Alzheimer’s disease in the United States and this number could reach 16 million by 2050, according to the Alzheimer’s Association. It is the sixth leading cause of death in the US and cost the nation $259 billion in 2017. It’s estimated that the costs associated with the disease could reach $1.1 trillion by 2050, which makes finding volunteers for research studies an important endeavor.

—JP Schlingman

 

Related Information:

Don’t Be an Enrollment Loser: Throw Your Own Swab-a-Palooza!

Alzheimer’s Disease Drug Development Pipeline: 2017

A Cure for Alzheimer’s by 2025? An Interview with Jeff Cummings, MD

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